Importance of Culture Essay

Importance of Culture Essay Introduction: Culture is the characteristic of group of people defined by everything such as language, religion, lifestyle etc. Different people in different societies have different culture but they also have some similarities. The culture varies in different things such as clothes, foods, religion and many others. Culture is the identity of a group of people living in specific place; they have their own sketch of life what the culture says they follow that. We have seen that a lot of people do some specific thing they first thought about their culture, what my culture says on this occasion. Especially on the occasion of wedding, and some other celebrating days they follow strictly their culture. Those who do not follow their culture or do some changes in that, they havent give any values to them because they are not following their religion. Different people define culture in different ways, for example Culture: learned and shared human patterns or models for living; day- to-day living patterns, these patterns and models pervade all aspects of human social interaction. Culture is mankinds primary adaptive mechanism1. Another author says that Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.2. from these definitions it is clear that both explains the same idea but in different words, says that culture is first learned after learning it is then shared so its a common fact that the younger first learn the culture from their elders and when these young become elders they transfer it to the next generation. But the culture learned it includes all the aspects of human interaction and thus it become the mankinds adoptive mechanism. In the second definition the author says that the culture is the programming of mind so it includes everything related with the mind programming and because of these different minds programming different group of people distinguish from each others. Characteristics: Culture has its own characteristics; we will discuss some of its characteristics here. Learnt Shared Social Continuous Adaptive Varies Learnt: As we discussed earlier that culture are learnt from their elders, culture is not the thing you study for it and you know it but it is just the process you pass from it, after that you will know about the culture. It is just like the thing that inherited in someone nature. All action the action we do like eating, dressing wearing ornaments etc is the result of culture we learned. One author says about learning culture Babies and children learn about their culture by watching their parents and close family. They copy behavior they have seen and adopt different roles3 and thats fact that babies and children learned culture by watching their parents and close family and then they apply these different roles in their Daily life and thus adapt their culture. Shared: Culture is something that is shared among groups of people. It is not the thing that someone posses it individually. Culture is always transferred through sharing so it mean that for transferring the culture the sharing is must. The sharing of culture refers to the term called enculturation according to author Process of learning culture is called enculturation4. Culture is shared in many ways; the main way for transferring the culture is the language. Language is the form of social communication and the knowledge is transferred through group discussion, public speaking and informal communication. The second way is the use of communication technologies nowadays like TV, DVD, internet etc play also important role in sharing the culture. These modern technologies have exposed every culture to the whole world. Social: Culture is social it is not the individual phenomena. it is the product of society and originates and grows through social interaction. Something is differentiable to us through comparison, so for distinguishes culture we have to compare it with some other then we will know about all aspects of that culture therefore the culture must be social and without it there is no concept of culture. One author says that culture can be thought of as the normative order, operating through operational and social influence, that guide and constrains the behavior of people in collectives5 .so from above statement it is clear that culture is the overall thought in a normative order, and these thoughts are pass through several operational and social influences, it means that their also occur some changes in culture but these changes are collectively and thus people of that culture adopt their behavior to the culture. Continuous: Culture is the continuous process, Culture is growing whole which includes in itself, the achievements of the past and present and makes provision for the future achievements of mankind. Culture is the result of past and present changes that occur in it, and thus it absorb that changes in itself and the culture become the result of past and present experiences and the process continue to next generation and so on. Hence some sociologists like Lotion called culture the social heritage of man6. Adaptive: Culture is always adaptive, even changes occur in culture but is very slow process and generally it is adaptive to all the people associated with that culture. when their occur some changes in the culture then at the same time people become use to with it and thus they feel nothing about their culture even people of other cultures will says anything about that culture but the people of that culture they are adapt with it. One author says about it that The biological modifications and adjustments are always flexible to adapt even in the harsh conditions of the environment7.it means that the changes occur in the culture is flexible, easy for everyone to follow. Varies: Culture always varies. All the elements of culture like dressing, ways of eating, speaking etc varies from society to society. In every culture there always changes occur in some interval of time, almost the changes speed is very slow but we never say that culture is not variable. Types of culture: There are several types of culture: Material culture Dressing Food Buildings Non-material culture Language Family Religion Education Material culture: Material culture includes all those things that people creates and gives meaning to it. Material culture include lot of things, some of them are given below: Dressing: Dressing is the important thing in culture. It identify the cultural society, for example when a stranger from other country come to Pakistan and he know little about here culture dressing so he will definitely identify the place. Every culture gives most importance to their culture. They did not appreciate those who are not wearing their own cultural dress. Gradually the dressing importance is also disappearing from the people. There a lot of people when they goes to the other cultural society, they adopt that and forget about their culture. According to my survey I have done some days ago a lot of people say that we are not giving so much importance to our culture. Nowadays the culture is changing so much fast because of this reason that the people not giving so much importance to their culture, especially dress. Food: According to the Colombia university press everything having to do with foodÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ its capture, cultivation, preparation, and consumptionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ represents a cultural act8 so definitely food when reach to us first it pass from different stages like its cultivation, every culture has its own process of cultivation, capturing and preparation. This mean that food is also one of the important part of the material culture. Buildings: Building means construction. Building also plays important role in culture identity. Different cultures have different type of buildings. Some cultures have big houses while some have small. There are also some cultural people who dont construct houses also, all life they pass in different places. Usually the cultural people from rural areas have big houses while those living in the city have small houses. The reason may be in rural areas the population is so much low and the place available for the house is very cheap as compare to the city. May be of this reason this culture is raised in the rural areas. Non-material culture: Non-material culture consists of thoughts and behavior that people learn as part of the culture they live in. It includes language, rules, customs, family, religion or beliefs, values, and knowledge. We will discuss some of them; Language: Language is one of the most important forms of material culture, without language there is no concept of culture. Different cultures have different speaking of language. Even when the language is same between the two cultures but still there will be difference in speaking and one will easily difference between them. Sometime because of cultures a large number of cultures are treated as one culture, for example in Pakistan there is a lot of cultures but still to the out countries they treat as just like one culture and is known as Pakistani culture. Even subcontinent is also treated as one culture but this in a specific occasion for example Asia is the largest subcontinent but the countries outside the Asia also says the words like Asian culture and we says the European culture or African culture. Language is the root cause of culture. Humans learn their culture through language, the parents first learned language to the kids after that they gradually also learn their culture. Family: Family is one of the most important concept in the culture. Different cultures define family in different ways. Some says that those who have a blood relation with you is your family member, other says that only your wife and kids are included in your family. According to an author Anthropologists say a cultures biological and marital kinship rules and patterns of reciprocal obligations define family9, the definition varies of different cultures. The people from rural background define family in a large sense they include all of their relatives in the family and those from urban background define family in a little narrow sense as compared to the urban background people. Religion: Religion is the most important in cultural society. In most of the culture the religion is very respectful to all of the culture members and they also strictly obey their religion. And the most respectful religion among all the culture is Islam. Those cultures that have Islam as religion they apply the order of Islam in their daily life and mostly these people led a very happy life without much resources. According to my survey a lot of my audience says that they follow their religion strictly and says five time prayers which is the most important thing as considered to Islam, and those audiences whose religion was other than Islam they mostly says that we are not so much following our religion. Education: Education also play important role in building a cultural society. Education is the basic need of human. Without education humanity is not possible, therefore almost all the cultures gives importance to education and they possess only education for their success. But still there are also so cultures which do not gives focus to education. Some cultures give importance only to boys education and not to female. The number of these types of cultures is decreasing slowly. In general most cultures gives importance to education and they love the educated people of their culture. Importance of culture: Culture has great importance. Culture is the identity of the nation, without culture the society is impossible. An author says about the importance of culture that culture is the set of transmitted and learned behavior patterns, beliefs, institutions and all other products of human work and thought that characterize the functioning of particular population, profession, organization or community10, so the only representative of the particular community or population is the culture. Culture is the basic root of any community which gives them the ways of life. The culture provides solution to the critical problem that is faced to community. Culture teach us to think for the whole nation not individually, it provide the concept of family, nation etc. References Damen, L. (1987). Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension on the Language Classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Hofstede, G. (1984). National cultures and corporate cultures. In L.A. Samovar R.E. Porter (Eds.), Communication Between Cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. http://open.jorum.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/123456789/13597/025/access/culture.html Understanding culture (DatoDr Sothi Rachagan) (Kotter and heskatt, 1992, reusseau, 1990) http://www.preservearticles.com/201107048767/1321-words-short-essay-on-the-culture.html http://savior.hubpages.com/hub/Characteristics-of-Culture food is culture (Massimo montanari nov. 2006) The Definition of Family in a Free Society (Gordon Neal Diem, D.A. 1997) hofstede G. culture and organization. New York: MC graw-hill; 1997

Free Merchant of Venice Essays: Noble and Worthy Jessica? :: Merchant Venice Essays

Noble and Worthy Jessica? While researching for this paper I reviewed numerous essays, assessments, and commentaries concerning The Merchant of Venice. One essay used the terms "noble" and "worthy" in relation to Jessica. The author stated that "sometimes what they [the characters of the play] 'sell out' for is worthy and shows them to be noble (Jessica for example)." The author goes on to say that Shylock's reasons for selling out "seem ignoble." Those statements really got me thinking, so I strolled over to my trusty dictionary to look up "noble" and "worthy." Noble--1. a: possessing outstanding qualities. 2: of high birth or exalted rank. 3. a: possessing very high or excellent qualities or properties. Worthy-1. a: having worth or value. Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th edition) The most common connotation of "noble," in my opinion, is a combination of the first and third listings. While Jessica certainly fits the second meaning listed of "noble" and the meaning of "worthy" (financially anyway), I didn't see any proof of her being such an outstanding person or "possessing very high or excellent qualities" within the context of this play. She may very well be a wonderful person, but I didn't see anything that would lead me to that conclusion in the play itself. Let's look at the facts. Jessica robs her father of all the jewels and money she can carry to marry Lorenzo. She casts aside her religion as if it were an old hat. The only outstanding quality I see is that she can do all this without the slightest remorse. We are told by Jessica that Shylock's "house is hell," but within the play I did not see any proof of this (II.iii.2). It is true that Shylock did not know which to weep for more, his daughter or his ducats, but does that make that house a hell? Because we didn't see what life was like in the house, we can only take Jessica's word for it. I, for one, am not terribly comfortable with her word as she has proven herself to be a thief and liar already. How do we know she isn't just an incredibly ungrateful daughter blinded by love (as she herself proclaimed love to be a blinding force--II.vi.36)? Frankly, Shakespeare did not give us much to work with as far as

The Modern Presidency of Theodore Roosevlet

Despite ridicule from his educated and respectable friends, Roosevelt entered politics immediately after graduating from Harvard College in 1880. In 1881,Roosevelt showed the strength of his intention by winning election to the New York State Assembly. He gained reelection twice before personal tragedy, On February 14,1884, in a tragic coincidence, Roosevelt†s young wife died in childbirth just hours after the death of his beloved mother. Emotionally shattered, Roosevelt left politics and fled New York for the Dakota Territory. In 1886, after a disastrous winter demolished most of his cattle herd, Roosevelt returned east to politics, his first love. For the next 12 years, he held various government positions, from Civil Service Commissioner to Assistant Secretary of the Navy. When the United States went to war against Spain in 1898, Roosevelt resigned and organized a group of volunteers called the Rough Riders. Their successful assault on San Juan Hill in Cuba made Roosevelt a National hero. He rode his new fame to victory in the 1898 race for governor of New York. When President McKinley prepared to run for reelection in 1900, he needed someone to replace Garret Hobart, his first vice president, who had died in 1899. Roosevelt seemed a logical choice. Basically a man of action, Roosevelt considered the vice presidency a do-nothing position leading to political oblivion. The bosses schemed to kick Roosevelt out of New York to serve as McKinley†s vice president. After he and McKinley won the election, Roosevelt sadly wrote to a friend, â€Å"I do not expect to go any further in politics. † Wherever Roosevelt went he became the center of attention. During the late 1800s, the country had been designated by strong Congresses and relatively weak presidents. Roosevelt reversed that traditional division of power. The new president employed the considerable powers of his office and his own personal magnetism to bypass congressional opposition. In doing so, Roosevelt became the first modern president. In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act, which authorized the use of federal funds from the sale of public lands to pay for irrigation and land development projects in the dry farms and cities of the West. Under new law, Roosevelt supported the construction of 25irrigation or reclamation projects. Roosevelt also backed efforts to save the nation†s forests by preventing shortsighted lumbering companies from overcutting. He appointed close friend Gifford Pinchot to head the U. S. Forest Service. Like President Roosevelt, Pinchot was a firm believer in resource management, the rational scientific management of natural resources such as forests. He added 150 million acres to the national forests, quadrupling the amount of land they contained. Roosevelt also established five new national parks, created 51 federal bird reservations, and started four national game preserves. Other issues were already on the national agenda when Roosevelt took office. One involved the growth of large trusts, which were giant firms that controlled whole areas of industry by buying up all the companies with which they did business. Buy-outs, takeovers, and mergers reached a feverish pitch between 1897 and 1903. Indeed, by 1899 an elite group of six companies controlled about 95 percent of the railroads in the country. In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was designed to prohibit such monopolies, but it had proven hard to enforce. Industrialists simply devised substitute methods of retaining control, for example, the holding company. Holding companies bought controlling shares of stock in the member companies instead of purchasing the companies outright. While the â€Å"held† companies remained separate businesses on paper, in reality the holding company controlled them. In 1902 J. P. Morgan, a powerful banker, had joined with a handful of the nation†s wealthiest men to finance the Northern Securities Company. This holding company combined the stock of the Union Pacific, Northern Pacific, and Burlington railroads to dominate rail service from Chicago to the Pacific Ocean. Roosevelt, deciding that the company was a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, ordered his attorney general to file suit against the company in 1902. In 1904 the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 vote, sided with Roosevelt, ruling that the Northern Securities Company had indeed violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. In May 1902 the United Mine Workers (UMW) called a strike of the miners who dug the anthracite, or hard, coal that fired most of the furnaces in the United States. The UMW hoped to win a 20 percent pay increase and to reduce their long workday to eight hours. They simply refused to negotiate the striking workers. As the reality of a cold winter approached, the shivering public demanded a settlement. President Roosevelt stepped in and urged the union and the owners to accept arbitration. A settlement imposed by an outside party. The minors won a nine-hour workday and a 10 percent pay increase, which was passed along to consumers in the form of higher coal prices. Roosevelt also defended the public interest on consumer issue. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906outlawed misleading labels and dangerous chemical preservatives. Roosevelt agreed that the government, rather than the packers should pay for the inspection. In addition, he dropped the requirement that meat be dated, which would have informed consumers about the meat†s age. Quick doctors sold concoctions of alcohol, cocaine, opium, and other drugs that claimed to heal everything from liver ailments to baldness. On the same day that Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act, It also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act. This act prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs in interstate commerce. The food and Drug Administration (FDA) was not established until much later in 1938. Roosevelt decided not to run for reelection in 1908, Instead, Roosevelt chose his fellow Republican, William Howard Taft, an experienced diplomat and administrator to run for president on the Republican ticket. Taft, a large, slow-moving, but extremely intelligent man, ran a mild-mannered campaign. Nevertheless, thanks to Roosevelt†s energetic efforts on his behalf, Taft won the election. Although he had none of Roosevelt†s flair, Taft carried out- and went beyond-many of his predecessor†s policies. In only four years as president, Taft prosecuted almost twice as many trusts as did Roosevelt in nearly eight years, including two of the most powerful, Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company. He expanded the number of acres of national forests. He supported laws requiring mine owners to improve safety. He established the Children†s Bureau, a federal agency that protected the rights and interests of children. By 1912 Roosevelt had become completely disillusioned with Taft, he was upset over Taft†s failure to exert strong public leadership. With a new presidential eledion on the horizon, Roosevelt wondered if Taft was enough of a progressive activists to warrant his continued support.

Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley - 1134 Words

Mary Shelley’s classic work, Frankenstein, has captured the imagination of readers for almost 200 years and has inspired numerous retellings and adaptations. Numerous depictions of Dr. Frankenstein and his Creature in plays, films, novels, comic books, television programs, and even video games have caused the familiar image of the lumbering giant to become embedded as one of the classic horror villains in the psyche of the average American. Most of these adaptations show the creature to be cruel, ignorant, and blood-thirsty by nature, but on examination of the original story there is ample evidence that the popular depiction of the creature is wrong. The creature does not enter the world bent on destruction, he is originally a kind,†¦show more content†¦The Creature is knows nothing but rejection from the very moment he is created. No sooner does the Creature breath his first breath than Victor declare his experiment to be a catastrophe and flee from his laboratory (Shelley)⠁  . To Victor the experiment was a terrible failure, a â€Å"frightening mistake that he wishes did not exist† (Hogsette)⠁  . According to Soyka, this rejection by a father, and a creator, can be compared to God s rejection of Satan in Milton s Paradise Lost. After experiencing this first, and perhaps greatest, rejection the Creature flees the confines of Frankenstein s house and finds himself alone in the forest outside the city. When the Creature later recounts this period of his life, he remembers very little other than the physical sensations he experienced at this stage. Light and dark, heat and cold are all he knows before he gains self-awareness. The first non-physical sensations he remembers on his evolution toward self-consciousness are the feelings of loneliness and fear (Gardner)⠁  . In this state of being the mind is like a blank slate, all of his emotions and motivations are innocent and child-like with no evil intentions or malice toward any one. The

Lesson Plan Topics for any Content Area, Grades 7-12

While every school may have  different requirements for the writing of lesson plans or how often they are to be submitted, there are common enough topics that can be organized on a template or guide for teachers for any content area. A template such as this could be used in conjunction with the explanation  How to Write Lesson Plans. Regardless of the form used, teachers should be sure to keep these two most important questions in mind as they craft a lesson plan: What do I want my students to know? (objective)How will I know students learned from this lesson? (assessment) The topics covered here in bold are those  topics usually required in lesson plan regardless of subject area. Class: the name of the  class or classes for which this lesson is intended.    Duration: Teachers should note the approximate time that this lesson will take to complete. There should be an explanation if this lesson will be extended over the course  of several days. Materials Required: Teachers should list any handouts and technology equipment that is required. Use of a template like this may be helpful in planning to reserve any media equipment in advance that might be needed for the lesson. An alternative non-digital plan may be needed. Some schools may require a copy of handouts or worksheets to be attached the lesson plan template. Key Vocabulary: Teachers should develop a list of any new and unique terms that students need to understand for this lesson.   The title of Lesson/Description:  One sentence is usually enough, but a well- crafted title on a lesson plan can explain a lesson well enough so that even a brief description is unnecessary.   Objectives: The first of a the lessons two most important topics is the lessons objective: What is the reason or purpose for this lesson? What will  students know or be able to do at the conclusion of this lesson(s)? These questions drive a  lessons objective(s). Some schools focus on a teacher writing and placing the objective in view so that the students also understand what the purpose of the lesson will be. The objective(s) of a lesson defines the expectations for learning, and they give a hint on how that learning will be assessed. Standards: Here teachers should list any state and/or national standards that the lesson addresses. Some school districts require teachers to prioritize the standards. In other words, placing a focus on those standards which are directly addressed in the lesson as opposed to those standards which are supported by the lesson.   EL Modifications/Strategies: Here a teacher  may list any EL (English learners) or other student modifications as required. These modifications can be designed as specific to needs of students in a class. Because many of the strategies used with EL students or other special needs students are strategies that are good for all students, this may be a place to list all instructional strategies used to improve  student understanding for all learners (Tier 1 instruction). For example, there may be a presentation of new material in  multiple formats (visual, audio, physical)   or there may be multiple opportunities for increased student interaction through turn and talks or think, pair, shares. Lesson Introduction/Opening set: This portion of the lesson should give a rationale how this introduction will help  students make connections with the rest of the lesson or unit that is being taught. An opening set should not be busy work, but rather be a planned activity that sets the tone for the lesson that follows. Step-by-Step Procedure: As the name implies, teachers should write down the steps in the sequence necessary to teach the lesson. This is a chance to think through each action necessary as a form of mental practice to better organize for the lesson. Teachers  should also note down any materials they will need for each step in order to be prepared.   Review/Possible Areas of Misconception:  Teachers can highlight terms and/or ideas they  anticipate may cause confusion, words they will want to revisit with the students at the end of the lesson.   Homework:  Note any homework that will be assigned  to students to go with the lesson. This is only one method to assess student learning which can unreliable as a measurement Assessment:  Despite being the lone of the last topics on this template,  this is the most important part of planning any  lesson.   In the past, informal homework was one measure; high stakes testing was another.   Authors and educators  Grant Wiggins and Jay McTigue   posed this  in their seminal work Backward Design:   What will we [teachers] accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency? They encouraged teachers to begin designing a lesson by starting at the end. Every lesson should include a means to answer the question How will I know students understand what was taught in a lesson? What will my students be able to do?   In order to determine the answer to these questions, it is important to plan in detail how you plan to measure or evaluate student learning both formally and informally.   For example, will the evidence of understanding be an informal exit slip with student short responses to a question or prompt at the end of a lesson? Researchers (Fisher Frey, 2004) suggested that exit slips can be generated for different purposes using differently worded prompts: Use an exit slip  with a prompt that records what was learned (Ex. Write one thing you learned today);Use an  exit slip  with a prompt  that allows for future learning (Ex. Write one question you have about todays lesson);Use an  exit slip  with a prompt  that helps to rate any the instructional strategies used strategies (EX: Was small group work helpful for  this lesson?) Similarly, teachers may choose to use a response poll or vote. A quick quiz may also provide important feedback. The traditional review of homework can also provide needed information to inform instruction.   Unfortunately, too many secondary teachers do not use assessment or evaluation on a lesson plan to its best use. They may rely on more formal methods of assessing student understanding, such as a test or paper. These methods may come too late in providing the immediate feedback to improve daily instruction. However, because  assessing student learning may happen at a later time, such as an end-of-the-unit exam, a lesson plan may provide a teacher the opportunity to create assessment questions for use later. Teachers can test a question in order to see how well students may do answering that question at a later date. This will ensure that you have covered all required material and given your students the best chance at success. Reflection/Evaluation: This is where a teacher may record the success of a lesson or make notes for future use.  If this is a lesson that will be given repeatedly during the day, reflection may be an area where a teacher may explain or note any adaptations on a lesson that has been given several times over the course of a day. What strategies were more successful than other? What  plans may be needed to adapt the lesson? This is the topic in a template where teachers could record any recommended changes in time, in materials, or in the methods used to assess student understanding. Recording this information can also be used as part of a schools evaluation process that asks teachers to be reflective in their practice.

Smoking and Lung Cancer Essay - 1448 Words

Smoking and Lung Cancer Lung Cancer accounts for fifteen percent of all cancer cases, and an estimated 170,000 people in the United States get lung cancer a year. (5)About 155,000 of those people die from the cancer. Recently, the rate of women affected by lung cancer has increased, while the rate of men affected has decreased. However, lung cancer is the leading cancer that kills both women and men. (1) So, what is lung cancer? Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the lung. (5) There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small- cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (or NSCLC) is more common than small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and occurs in about 80% of all lung cancer cases. (3)†¦show more content†¦(5) SCLC, also known as oat cell carcinoma, has no divisions. It starts in the large breathing tubes, and grows fairly rapidly. This type of lung cancer is usually very large by the time it is diagnosed. (5) There are also different stages of lung cancer. For NSCLC, there are four main stages. Stage I A/B is when the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes that are associated with the lung. (2) Stage II A/B is when the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes in the tracheal area, including the chest wall and the diaphragm. Stage III A is when the tumor has spread to lymph nodes on the opposite lung or on the neck. Finally, Stage IV, the most severe stage, is when the tumor has spread beyond the chest. (2) On the other hand, SCLC only has two stages of cancer growth. Limited is when the tumor is only found in one lung and the nearby lymph nodes. Extensive is when the tumor has spread beyond the lung into other organs. The treatments for lung cancer depend on the type, location, and size of the cancer. (3) One option is to remove the tumor through surgery; however, it depends on the location of the tumor. A surgeon can perform a resection, which is a removal of part of the lung. 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Business Analysis free essay sample

When he outgrew his ability to call on his customers individually, he inverted to a sort of makeshift mail order operation, hiring the local milk van to make his deliveries. Kea are rooted in a traditionally poor region in south of Sweden. And after 60 years development, growing up in 20th century Sweden has shaped both their products and their values. Their website side KEA is a value-driven company, they promise to deliver well designed, functional and sustainable products at the lowest possible price. I would list the brief history of KEA below in figure 1. Figure 1 Source: http://www. Google. Co. UK/search? Hal=GHz The graph 2 listed below is the structure of KEA. Figure 2 Source: www. Kea-group. Kea. Com. 1. 3 Structure of the essay After the introduction I would write strategic position of KEA and it include environment, capabilities and expectations and purposes. Furthermore I would like to use some models to explain this part such as SOOT, Value Chain and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the next part I will write strategic choices and it includes three parts. Firstly, I would evaluate and describe the business level strategies. Secondly, I would evaluate and describe corporate level strategies. Finally, I will evaluate the suitability of the strategic choice. In the fourth part, there would be a future development of KEA. The cast part is a conclusion. 2. The strategic position of KEA 2. 1 Macro-Environment of KEA In this globalizes market, changing is a forever theme. As Henry Midwinter (1994) argues that environmental change is faster than you could see. The pace of technological change and the speed of global communications mean more and faster change than ever before. I would like to use PEST framework to illustrate the macro- environment of KEA. PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. In case of KEA, I would choose China to conduct the PEST analysis. Because China is a new emerging market and has the significant strategic meaning to the future development of KEA, I set China as the target to do the PEST analysis. Political 1 . The Chinese government was trying to attract foreign direct investment and encourage foreign companies to open their factories in China. 2. The opening police meaner government support the foreign companys development. 3. There are a lot of special economic development zones in many provinces of China. 4. Government stability is really good and there are some taxation police to the foreign impasses. Economic 1 . The high speed development of the Chinese economy, the GAP of China usually kept above 10% growth annually, even during the financial crisis GAP could also keep above 8% growth annually. 2. 1. 3 billion Population mean huge market demand. 3. With the increase of individual income, Chinese citizens would like to pursue higher quality life. . The inflation of China was kept at an acceptable level. Social 1. The quality of the product is increasingly important in customers mind. 2. Chinese population demographics: more and more people moving their home from country to big cities. 3. Lifestyle change: high speed life style makes that people do the customers shopping preference. 4. The income of Chinese labor is relat ively low so Labor cost is lower than European countries. Technology 1 . In the furniture industry consciousness of innovation in the Chinese furniture industry is not enough. 2. The government encourages innovations; new materials and new technology were encouraged to use in many industries. 3. Government and industry focus on technological effort is not enough. Porters five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It suggested that there are five basic competitive forces exist in an industry. They are the competition between current competitors; the threats from potential entrants; the threats of substitutes; the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of buyers. The below analysis is based on Chinese market. Rivalry among existing firms 1 . The Chinese furniture industry is no longer small any more. There are some strong competitors in this market. Such as BQ. 2. Most of the competitors in the Chinese market are small and middle scale companies. 3. Increasingly international furniture companies entry Chinese market through a corporation with Chinese local company Bargaining power of the suppliers 1 . Suppliers are not very centralized in the market, so it is a good condition for KEA to reduce the bargaining power of suppliers. . There is no significant differentiation between suppliers, so the bargaining power of suppliers should not be very strong. 3. The switch cost is not very high. 4. KEA has 11 stores in China and its source 21% from China. So the bargain power is stronger than suppliers, because of its huge scale. 5. The buying volume f KEA is huge, because of the standardized procurement. Bargaining power of the buyers 1. The switch c ost is low, because off lot of brands in domestic of China. 2. The customers can access a large amount of information. With the popularity of computer and network, customers could search any information by clicking. In addition, there are many websites and provide comparisons and ratings of each product. Such power makes the competition in this industry more intense. Threats from potential entrants 1 . High capital requirement: it is easy to organize a small furniture company but if he company wants to compete with KEA, it should have enough capital for business. 2. KEA has economies of scale advantage Threat of substitution 1 . The main substitute is Individuality home furnishing service. However its market share is relatively low and the price is too high. 2. Generally, the threat from substitute is not strong. 2. 3 Strategic capabilities of KEA Strategic capability can be defined as the adequacy and suitability of the resources 2005). Strategic capability is mainly composed of resources and competences. Threshold resources and competencies are the most essential requirement for a equines to operate in the market. Once the firms satisfy these requirements, they would seek their own unique resources and competence to form competitive advantage. I believe value chain is really suitable to describe the strategic capabilities of KEA. The value chain describes the activities in and around an organization which together create a product or service. The value chain is a concept from business management that was first described and popularized by Michael Porter in 1985. It includes primary activities and support activities. The primary activities are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service. And support activities help to improve the effectiveness or efficiency of primary activities. Primary activities Inbound logistic 1. Designing furniture for flat packs 2. Buying the same kind of raw material from signal one supplier, it could make sure the quality and get the lowest price. 3. According to the design of the product, purchasing the raw materials. 4. Purchasing the materials in same standard. It is easy for inventory management and reduces the cost. Operation 1. A use KIT inventory method to manage the inventory 2. Collaborate with the supplier to make sure the continuity of operation. . Encourage manufacturing companies update their facilities 4. No wastage police protects the environment and they try to recycle waste. Outbound logistic 1 . Customers have to deliver their goods by themselves. 2. Customers have to put all parts of their goods together by themselves. 3. KEA uses flat packs to reduce the deliver cost. 4. Distribution centers were located in most reasonable places. 5. Flexibility of transportation, such as some distributions were outsourced to thir d parties Marketing and sale 1. KEA sells furniture on a larger scale using a catalogue in 1951 . The cost of this activity is huge but the effectiveness is also obvious. . The concept of We do something, you have to do some and KEA to save you some is the marketing strategy of KEA Service 1. Clear instruction in each store 2. Pencil, rule and paper are provided when customers arriving 3. In China, customers like the company deliver furniture to their home, so KEA add the delivery service but in low service price. 4. Customers could eat delicious food in the KEA restaurant near the store. Support activities Procurement 1 . Purchasing goods from suppliers all over the world and choose the lowest price with better quality 2. Firstly, make sure the price off product and then choose the suppliers. Technology 1 . New technology could help KEA use KIT and supplies could know the information about inventory and forecasting data. 2. KEA designs the products by themselves and the patents belong to KEA. 3. Innovations of design could reduce the cost , such as 10 expending screws should be used to produce a table, after the innovation, just expending screws needed. Human resource management 1 . KEA listed 20 in the competition of the worlds most attractive employers 2011. 2. KEA provides opportunities for employees and some co-workers could gain invaluable knowledge from working aboard. 3. 131000 employees from 48 different countries and KEA believe this is their most valuable assets. Firm infrastructure 1. Excellent management information system such as MOM and ASTOR 2. In accounting aspect, they get rid of fixed budget and make the budget according to the target profit. Johnson, Schools and Whetting (1998) pointed that value chain model could help with understanding the opportunities for vertical integration or outsourcing. P. Timers (2000) said the various activities could examine in terms of the cost and value of activities of a company. From the above analysis of the value chain we could easily find that no matter primary activities or support activities they are closely concerned with the reducing cost. 2. 3 Purposes and Expectations of KEA 2. 3. 1 Stakeholder Mapping J. Bryon (2002) said that stakeholder mapping identifies stakeholder expectations and power and helps in understanding political priorities. It underlines two issues: how interested each stakeholder group is to impress its expectations on the organization and choice of specific strategies. And whether stakeholders have the power to do so. The stakeholder mapping of KEA would be listed in figure 3. Figure: 3 In the short term, if a company sets the target as maximize the profit, it will be acceptable and the company can survive. However, in the long term, if the company still Just pay all its attention on the profit, it could not develop very well. After over 60 years development, we could tell that KEA did really well in business ethics and corporate social responsibility. W. Frederick, J. Post and K. Davis defines corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate provenance. Steve Howard, Chief Sustainability Officer for KEA Group said their goal is to get 100% of our energy from renewable sources. It is an ambitious goal but we are making good progress. 51% of our energy use in 2011 was supplied through 2015. In the material aspect, KEA work with WFM and the Forestry Stewardship Council (FCC) to ensure Our wood comes from responsibly managed forests. In the products aspect, KEA wants to realism sustainability. For example, it continuously improves the price invest in next-generation, energy-efficient technologies like LED light bulbs and induction cookers. . The strategic choice of KEA The mission and vision of a company usually indicate the direction of a companys strategy. The annual report of KEA (2011) writes that Our vision is a better everyday life for the many people. What does this mean? It meaner thinking about home furnishing beyond form and visual appeal and designing products in a way that really does solve some of lifes daily challenges. It meaner reaching out to as many people as possible and helping them achieve their dream home at the lowest possible cost. Just look at our business idea: To offer a wide range of well designed, national home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. 3. 1 Corporate level strategy 3. 1. 1 KEA overseas expansion of strategy Business organizations may expand from their home countries to foreign countries by setting up replicas their value chains in those foreign countries. Well-known examples of such organizations are those that expand internationally by replicating a format aimed mainly at distribution, such as McDonalds, The Body Shop, Struck and KEA. KEA builds global sourcing through foreign direct investment and Joint ventures. KEA had 1026 home furnishing suppliers in 53 countries. Since 1963 the first KEA store outside Sweden opens in Oslo Norway. From the below figure 4 we could know the process of KEA overseas expansion. Figure: 4 Source: www. Kea-group. Kea. Com. J. W. Such as Edgewood first KEA restaurant opens in the KEA store in „Elmhurst, Sweden in 1960. And KEA food service turnover was 1. 2 billion in 2011. (KEA welcome inside, 2011) KEA also uses unrelated diversification in the past. Unrelated diversification is the development of products or service beyond the current capacities or value network. In 2001, it opens a train service company to distribute its own products in European countries. However, the performance of this train service company was not very optimistic. Therefore, KEA announced to cease the operation of train service in 2004. Obviously, it was an unsuccessful trial during this KEA history of diversification. 3. 2 Business level strategy Business level strategy is defined as an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets (Michael A. Hit at all. 2009). The strategy clock is based on competitive advantage, Porter pioneered thinking in this field when he proposed that there were three different generic strategies by which an organization could achieve competitive advantage. They were cost leadership, differentiation and market focus. All of them could be included in the strategy clock model. Therefore, I would like to use this model to explain the business strategy of KEA. 3. 2. 1 Differentiation strategy of KEA * Product differentiation In the past, every several years there would be some new and innovative product which was designed by KEA, Such as, The MET bookcase which is a contemporary classic and will see numerous imitations over the years. SOAP chair, designed by Ole Greer ¶v-Knudsen and Torrent Lind, is wonderfully simple, even if it raises a few eyebrows. SOAP is developed by a supplier that usually makes plastic buckets and bowls, creating a chair in which form and function are not compromised by an unorthodox solution. In recent years, KEA introduce a new concept that is taking account of peoples daily lives special meaning, and strive to use an artistic taste of runtime, for the customer to create a comfortable, warm atmosphere, therefore, distinguish themselves from other companies. Service differentiation First, KEA takes into account of fun in shopping, KEA uses self-service shopping model with very clear and detailed instruction to guide the customers. What is more, parents could leave their children in the childrens playing area in the store. Secondly, KEA serves the delicious low cost food in their stores. * Environment protection aspect In recent years people are increasingly concerned about the environme ntal protection, not only some non-government organizations, but some ordinary customers are taking the aspect into consideration when they are purchasing the furniture. KEA realized this issue very early. For example, Candace Lombardi reported that Furniture retail giant plans to generate enough electricity from the wind farm to power the equivalent of 17 KEA stores in Sweden. And they revealed in the annual report said they work hard to find sustainable solutions, alternative raw materials, creating more with less. 3. 2. 2 Low cost strategy of KEA price than competitors whilst trying to maintain similar perceived product or service benefit to those offered by competitors. * Pricing strategy In order to achieve a really low price, before the design and production process, the material and service of product have to be fully considered. The production process should be in the target cost as much as possible to ensure the quality and performance. * Streamline manufacturing In the production workflow, KEA low cost strategy must have three parts. Firstly, they would find the lowest price raw materials. KEA keeps searching new materials and new technology to reduce the production cost within the required quality. It not only uses timber by some plastic and some newly man-made materials. Second, choose he production layout, production usually located in low cost area, such as China. In addition, KEA adapt the designing furniture for flat packs and self-assembly, which reduces the storing and transportation cost. * Standardization KEA sells the same product in the global market, which meaner they achieve standardization in their different stores in different countries. There is a lot benefit. Firstly, they could purchase the same raw materials from the same supplier, which meaner they have the economics of scale and bigger bargaining power of the suppliers. Secondly, the allocation and transportation of products would be more legible. It could solve the problem of overstock and under stock. Thirdly, the production uses the same process, therefore, it is easy for training. * Cooperation with suppliers Cooperation enables a company to take an advantage of other business advantages and benefits of economies of scale. This can bring high efficiency of the enterprises production capacity, on the other hand to promote the implantation of cost leadership strategy. As the KEA annual report (2011) written KEA has 1026 home furnishing suppliers in 53 countries. In addition most of them are long term relationship. KEA encourages competitions between suppliers, and measure the low price vendor to make sure their required quality. Though this model, KEA not only integrate their logistics system, while low cost strategy for in-depth integration into business operations into every process, to achieve the target cost. 3. 2. 3 Strategy clock From the above analysis we could tell that KEA is using the hybrid strategy. A hybrid strategy seeks simultaneously to achieve differentiation and a price lower than that of competitors. D, Miller (1992) pointed that the success of the strategy depends on he ability to deliver enhanced benefits to customers together with low prices whilst achieving sufficient margins for reinvestment to maintain and develop the bases of differentiation. The figure 4 shows the position of KEA. Figure 4 3. 3 Evaluation of suitability Johnson, Schools and Whetting (1998) defined suitability as it concerned with whether a strategy address the circumstances in which an organization is operating- the strategic position. Suitability criteria concerns with whether a strategy addresses the key issues or problems relating to the strategic position of the organization. (Zimmermann, 2010) Suitability required the strategic fit with the environment of the enterprise. I will list the key issues in the macro-environment macro-environment * Supportive police from government * Quickly economic growth * Huge market demand in target market * Technology support is not enough Key issues in operational e nvironment * Rivalry among existing firms in increasing in Chinese market. The bargaining power of the suppliers is relatively lower. * The bargaining power of the buyers is higher because of the information age. * Threats from potential entrants are not ere high, because of the enter barriers. * Threat of substitution is very low. Key issues in strategic capabilities * Inbound logistic: Huge amount of standardized products from same suppliers with the flat pack assembly. Operation: High efficiency operation during the process and lower inventory * Outbound logistic: Efficiency and flexibility of transportation * Marketing and sale: Successful furniture furniture catalogue since 1951 * Service: Customer self service with clear instructions * Procurement: choose lowest price with best quality in worldwide * Technology: new technology to educe costs * Human resource management: view employees as their most valuable assets. From the macro-environment analysis we know that Chinese marke t is really attractive to KEA. Therefore, Kikes international strategy is quite suitable from the aspect. However, KEA should take some difficulties into consideration, because the cultures difference. From the operation environment analysis we know that KEA takes a strong position among the related parties. This is a big advantage of its diversification strategy and it will provide strong support to the diversifies process of KEA. From the strategic capability analysis we find that KEA has the high efficiency and low cost operation in the whole value chain and the supportive give strong support in innovation, which is quite suitable with the business level strategy-reduce cost and differentiation. . Future development and challenges In this fast changing environment, KEA is facing increased challenges than ever. There is only one way in front of KEA that is being better than the competitors. Just as Kikes new chief executive Mikhail Johnson (2009) said: we know that many of our customers have less money to spend and our low-price concept is therefore more elevate than ever. 4. 1 Changin g of corporate level strategy Generally, the history of KEA is the history of expansion. It is easy to summaries that from 1943 to 1963 KEA Just operate their business in Sweden. And from 1963 to 1973 KEA bring the business to other countries in northern Europe. Then from 1973 to 1985 KEA open its stores all over the Europe and Australia. In 1985 it arrives North American. In 1998 and 2000 KEA arrive China and Russia that are new emerging markets and developing countries. From the above description we could find overseas expansion is still the corporate strategy of KEA. Furthermore, the new emerging market will be the profit growth of KEA in the near future. However, there are a lot of uncertainties in these new emerging markets, because they are still in the high speed developing process, which meaner the challenge and opportunities diversification of KEA did very well, however the unrelated diversification did not very successful in history, such as in 2001 The KEA Group trials running its own rail operations through KEA Rail ABA. The train runs five round trips a week between „Elmhurst, in Sweden, and Disturb, in Germany. In 2004 the operation was not successful rail operations are taken over by an external company. Therefore, the related diversification is more suitable for the future development of KEA. 4. 2 Changing of business level strategy After the analysis of KEA, I would like to divide the changing of business level strategy into three stages. The first stage is the beginning part, in this part KEA only pay their attention on the reducing cost. Second stage is innovation. At this time, KEA did not only care about the cost, but the innovation of the product and tries to be differentiated with their competitors. Some classical products were produced at his time, such as Marina Grabbings designs the MET bookcase, SOAP chair raises eyebrows and BILLY bookcase. In the third stage of KEA, it begins to realism the importance of environment protection and corporate social responsibility. For example, in 1990 The KEA Group develops an environmental policy to ensure that the company and its co-workers take environmental responsibility for all activities conducted within its business. In 2000, The KEA Group, in co-operation with EUNICE, initiates a broad community programmer in northern India to address the root causes of child labor. In 2002, the global conservation organization WFM and the KEA Group Join forces to promote responsible forestry in priority regions around the world. From the above analysis we could know KEA should not only itself as a furniture production and selling company. It is also selling a way of living and way of quality living style. KEA had better do more charity work and donation in developing and underdeveloped countries, because these countries will be their development direction in the long term. . Conclusion Finally, I want to quote the words from the Former KEA CEO Enders Dahlia, he said the biggest threat to KEA is KEA it. I mean, were still in the first generation of owners, and we havent seen the transformation of the next generation yet. And what the effects of that will be, in terms of dilution or not, are the vision and values, and how that makes the company tick is, I think, at least a potential Im not saying it will be, but it is a potential problem. It happens in many companies. With over 60 years development, it is obviously that KEA did best in the furniture industry in the worldwide. I believe the successes come from three aspects. The first key point is the product. Although the products may not be the best quality and the best design, the customers could be inspired by the products and the products could combine with your living environment harmoniously. In addition, the price is really attractive to the customers. The second key point is the suitable strategy. There is no best strategy in this changing world, but there is the most suitable strategy for individual companies. The success of KEA could be attributing to the suitability of strategy. KEA uses a hybrid strategy which is combining the low cost with differentiation harmoniously. The third key point is Kikes organizational culture.